safe take fish oil supplements in pregnancy?

  Yes and no. There are two types of fish oil supplement. One is safe to take in pregnancy, and one isn't:

• Supplements made from the body of fish, often called omega-3 supplements, are safe to take in pregnancy.
• Supplements made from the liver of fish, such as cod liver oil, are not safe to take in pregnancy.

Both types of fish oil supplements contain beneficial long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, which help your baby's brain and eyes to develop. In the long-term, they may also help to protect you against heart disease.

However, cod liver oil also contains high levels of the retinol form of vitamin A. You shouldn't take supplements containing the retinol form of vitamin A when you're pregnant, because large amounts of retinol can harm your baby.

There's no official recommendation that pregnant women should take a fish oil supplement. Some research suggests that babies born to women taking omega-3 long-chain fatty acids weigh a little more and are less likely to be born early, but more research needs to be carried out to be sure.

If you eat some oily fish every week, you probably won't need to take a supplement. Government advice is that we should all eat more fish, and up to two portions a week can be oily fish. Oily fish will provide you with plenty of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other vitamins, minerals, and protein that you wouldn't get from taking just a supplement.

Some research has shown that in countries where pregnant women tend to eat more fish, fewer develop pre-eclampsia, or have a baby who is premature, or a low birth weight.

Fish that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids include mackerel, salmon, trout, kippers, anchovies, and sardines.

Fresh tuna also counts as an oily fish, but tinned tuna doesn't, as the canning process depletes the oils.

Crab and prawns contain reasonable amounts of omega-3 fats. And white fish, such as cod and haddock, contain some omega-3, but in lower amounts. Some foods made with white fish have extra omega-3 added.

Although oily fish is good for you, don't have more than two portions a week while you're pregnant. Oily fish can also contain environmental pollutants, such as dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).

Dioxins and PCBs can build up in your body over a long period of time. There's some evidence that they may interfere with your unborn baby's development.

One or two portions of oily fish a week will benefit you and your developing baby at a level that doesn't cause harm from the pollutants in the fish.

If you don't eat fish, and decide to take a fish oil supplement, make sure that the supplement you take is suitable for pregnant women.

Avoid high-dose supplements and check how much DHA and EPA they contain. These are the two beneficial long-chain omega-3 fats found in oily fish. About 450mg EPA and DHA a day is equal to eating one or two portions of oily fish a week. If you don't want to eat fish oil, but would like to take a supplement containing long-chain omega-3 (EPA and DHA), you can buy supplements derived from algae. Fish get their omega-3 from algae.

If you're at all unsure about which supplement to take, ask the pharmacist for advice.

The health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids are well-known and range from lowering the risk of heart disease to protecting cognitive function. New research suggests that supplements of the unsaturated fat may have an additional benefit: they may lower the risk of childhood asthma.

A supplemental intake of fish oil during pregnancy may significantly reduce the risk of asthma in children.

Omega-3 fatty acids are one of the two major classes of polyunsaturated fat. They can be found in certain foods like flaxseed and fish, as well as in dietary supplements such as fish oil.
So far, research has indicated that omega-3 fatty acids - when consumed directly from food - have a variety of health benefits. A moderate consumption of seafood has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and has also been associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia.
A weekly consumption of at least 8 ounces of seafood by pregnant women also seems to improve health outcomes in their infants.
A new study - carried out by the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood (COPSAC) research center in Denmark, in collaboration with the University of Waterloo, Canada - suggests an additional health benefit: reducing the risk of childhood asthma.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that 6.3 million children in the United States under the age of 18 - or 8.6 percent of all U.S. children - currently have asthma.
As the CDC report notes, the prevalence of asthma has increased in the U.S. over the last decade, and the disease is currently at its highest level.
The authors of the new study hypothesized a link between the rising numbers of children affected by asthma in Western countries and the low levels of anti-inflammatory omega-3 in their diet. The researchers therefore examined the effect of omega-3 supplements in pregnant women on the risk of wheeze and asthma in their offspring.

Examining link between fish oil during pregnancy and childhood asthma

The researchers were led by Prof. Ken Stark, Canada Research Chair in Nutritional Lipidomics and professor in the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences at the University of Waterloo.
Prof. Stark and team selected 736 pregnant women who were 24 weeks into the gestation period. They randomly administered some of the women a daily dose of 2.4 grams of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in the form of fish oil. The control group received a daily dose of olive oil as a placebo.
The LCPUFAs included eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These can be found in coldwater fish and are crucial for regulating the human body's immune response.
The researchers used rapid analytical techniques to measure EPA and DHA levels in the blood of pregnant women. Prof. Stark, who led the testing procedures, explains the benefits of using such a method.

"Measuring the levels of omega-3 fatty acids in blood provides an accurate and precise assessment of nutrient status. Our labs are uniquely equipped to measure fatty acids quickly, extremely precisely, and in a cost-efficient manner."

Prof. Ken Stark

The mothers' offspring formed the 2010 COPSAC cohort, and they were followed for 5 years - the age at which asthma can be clinically diagnosed.
During the 5-year period, researchers monitored the children's health for asthma and persistent wheeze, as well as respiratory tract infections, asthma complications, eczema, and sensitization to allergens.
In total, the clinical trial included 695 children, 95.5 percent of whom completed a 3-year, double-blind follow-up period.
The results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

Omega-3 reduced childhood asthma risk by 31 percent

The results of the study seem to confirm the authors' hypothesis.

"We've long suspected there was a link between the anti-inflammatory properties of long-chain omega-3 fats, the low intakes of omega-3 in Western diets and the rising rates of childhood asthma. This study proves that they are definitively and significantly related."

Prof. Hans Bisgaard, first author

The study revealed that pregnant women who took the daily dose of LCPUFA during the third trimester reduced their children's risk of developing asthma or persistent wheeze by almost 31 percent.
The treatment group had a 16.9 percent risk of persistent wheeze or asthma, compared with 23.7 percent in the control group. This corresponds to a relative risk decrease of 30.7 percent.
The blood tests also revealed that the supplements most benefited the women who had low levels of EPA and DHA at the beginning of the study. The supplements reduced the risk of asthma in their children by 54 percent.

The n-3 LCPUFA supplements were also associated with a decreased risk of lower respiratory tract infections, but they did not seem to have any effect on asthma exacerbation, eczema, or allergic sensitization.
The authors highlight the contribution of their study to asthma treatment and prevention options.

"The proportion of women with low EPA and DHA in their blood is higher in Canada and the United States compared with Denmark. So we would expect an even greater reduction in risk among North American populations. Identifying these women and providing them with supplements should be considered a front-line defense to reduce and prevent childhood asthma."

Prof. Ken Stark

"Asthma and wheezing disorders have more than doubled in Western countries in recent decades," adds Prof. Bisgaard. "We now have a preventative measure to help bring those numbers down."
Learn how restoring evolutionary fatty acid balance may curb obesity.

Written by Ana Sandoiu

 Scientific research is constantly expanding our knowledge of nutritional needs in pregnancy. Among the most recent developments in this field is the importance of omega-3 fatty acids in both the development of a healthy baby and in the health of the mother.

Omega-3 Fish Oil and Pregnancy: Benefits & Dosage

Omega-3s are a family of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential nutrients for health and development. Unfortunately, these are not synthesized by the human body and therefore must be obtained from diet or supplementation.

However, the typical American diet is greatly lacking in Omega—3’s. Research indicates that the two most beneficial omega-3s are EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Although EPA and DHA naturally occur together and work together in the body, studies show that each fatty acid has unique benefits.
EPA supports the heart, immune system, and inflammatory response. DHA supports the brain, eyes, and central nervous system, which is why it is uniquely important for pregnant and lactating women.

Why is Omega-3 important?

Adequate intake of Omega-3 fats is essential to maintaining the balanced production of the hormone-like substances called prostaglandins. Prostaglandins help regulate many important physiological functions including blood pressure, blood clotting, nerve transmission, the inflammatory and allergic responses, the functions of the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract and the production of other hormones.
Depending on the type of fatty acids in the diet, certain types of prostaglandins may be produced in large quantities, while others may not be produced at all. This prostaglandin imbalance can lead to disease. The role of omega-3s in producing beneficial prostaglandins may explain why they have been shown to have so many health benefits, including the prevention of heart disease, improving cognitive function and the regulation of inflammation.
High doses of omega-3s have been used to treat and prevent mood disorders, and new studies are identifying their potential benefits for a wide range of conditions including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and other autoimmune diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

The Benefits of Omega-3 Fish Oil

Omega-3s have been found to be essential for both neurological and early visual development of the baby. However, the standard western diet is severely deficient in these critical nutrients. This omega-3 dietary deficiency is compounded by the fact that pregnant women become depleted in omega-3s because the fetus uses omega-3s for its nervous system development.
Omega-3s are also used after birth to make breast milk. With each subsequent pregnancy, mothers are further depleted. Research has confirmed that adding EPA and DHA to the diet of pregnant women has a positive effect on visual and cognitive development of the baby. Studies have also shown that higher consumption of omega-3s may reduce the risk of allergies in infants.
Omega-3 fatty acids have positive effects on the pregnancy itself. Increased intake of EPA and DHA has been shown to prevent pre-term labor and delivery, lower the risk of preeclampsia, and may increase birth weight. Omega-3 deficiency also increases the mother’s risk for depression. This may explain why postpartum mood disorders may become worse and begin earlier with subsequent pregnancies.

Which Foods Contain Omega-3 Fish Oil?

The best sources of EPA and DHA are cold water fish such as salmon, tuna, sardines, anchovies, and herring. Many people are justifiably concerned about mercury and other toxins in fish, especially during pregnancy. For this reason, purified fish oil supplements are often the safest source of EPA and DHA. A high quality fish oil supplement from a reputable manufacturer delivers the health benefits of EPA and DHA without the risk of toxicity.
Many people think that flaxseed or flaxseed oil contains omega-3s. But flaxseed contains the shorter-chain omega-3, ALA (alpha-linolenic acid), which is different from the longer-chain EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are the omega-3s that the body needs for optimal health and development. While it was once thought that the human body could convert ALA to EPA and DHA, current research shows that such conversion rarely and inefficiently occurs. Fish oil is a more reliable source of EPA and DHA.

Safety Considerations

Quality fish oil is safe to take during pregnancy. Fresh fish can often contain environmental toxins like mercury that accumulate during its life span. These toxins can be virtually eliminated during the manufacture and processing of fish oil, with the use of high quality raw materials and an advanced refining process.
Some brands of fish oil are of higher quality than others. A reputable fish oil manufacturer should be able to provide documentation of third-party lab results that show the purity levels of their fish oil, down to the particles per trillion level.

Fish Oil Recommendations

• Investigate the manufacturing process–How is the fish oil manufactured and what are the quality standards that the manufacturer is using? The quality standards that exist for fish oil-including the Norwegian Medicinal Standard, the European Pharmacopoeia Standard and the voluntary U.S. standard established by the Council for Responsible Nutrition’s 2006 monograph-guarantee quality by setting maximum allowances for toxins.
• Smell–Does the fish oil smell fishy? Research shows that fish oils only smell unpleasant when the oil has started to degrade and is becoming rancid. A high quality fish oil supplement will not smell fishy.
• Taste– Does the fish oil taste fishy? The freshest and highest-quality fish oils should not taste fishy. Avoid fish oils that have really strong or artificial flavors added to them because they are most likely trying to hide the fishy flavor of rancid oil.

Dosage Recommendations

ISSFAL (the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids) has established the following recommended minimum dosage chart:

Infants (1-18 months):

0-15 lbs: 32 mg/lb EPA+DHA

Children (1.5-15 yrs):

15 mg/lb EPA+DHA

Adults (15-115 yrs):

500 mg EPA+DHA (with a minimum of 220 mg EPA and 220 mg DHA)

Pregnant and Lactating Women:

300 mg DHA daily

Can I take cod liver oil supplements when I’m pregnant?

No. When you're pregnant you shouldn't take any supplements containing vitamin A, also known as retinol. This includes:

• fish liver oil supplements, such as cod liver oil
• high-dose multivitamin supplements 
• any supplements containing vitamin A (retinol) 

You should also avoid eating liver and liver products, such as liver pâté or liver sausage, as they may contain a lot of vitamin A. Too much vitamin A can harm your unborn baby.

Eating fish when you're pregnant

People usually take fish oil supplements because they contain omega-3 fatty acids. These fatty acids can help protect against heart disease.
It's better to eat fish than take fish oil supplements. Fish is an excellent source of nutrients that are good for your health and your unborn baby's development.

Fish Oil

Pronunciation

Generic Name: omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (oh MAY ga 3 POL ee un SAT yoo ray ted FAT ee AS ids)
Brand Names: Animi-3, Cardio Omega Benefits, Divista, Dry Eye Omega Benefits, EPA Fish Oil, Fish Oil, Fish Oil Ultra, Flex Omega Benefits, Icar Prenatal Essential Omega-3, Lovaza, Marine Lipid Concentrate, MaxEPA, MaxiTears Dry Eye Formula, MaxiVision Omega-3 Formula, Mi-Omega NF, Mom's Omega Advantage, Omega Essentials, Sea-Omega, Sea-Omega 30, TheraTears Nutrition, TherOmega, Vascazen

What is Fish Oil?

Fish Oil capsules contain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are found in oils from certain types of fish, vegetables, and other plant sources. These fatty acids are not made by the body and must be consumed in the diet. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids work by lowering the body's production of triglycerides. High levels of triglycerides can lead to coronary artery disease, heart disease, and stroke.
Fish Oil are used together with diet and exercise to help lower triglyceride levels in the blood.
Fish Oil may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Important information

Take Fish Oil exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not take it in larger amounts or for longer than recommended.
Swallow the Fish Oil capsule whole. Do not puncture or open the capsule.
Fish Oil is only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and weight control. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.

 

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There may be other drugs that can interact with Fish Oil. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.
Stop using Fish Oil and get emergency medical help if you think you have used too much medicine, or if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Less serious side effects are more likely, and you may have none at all. Talk to your doctor about any side effect that seems unusual or is especially bothersome.

Before taking this medicine

Do not use Fish Oil if you are allergic to fish or soybeans.
Ask a doctor or pharmacist about using this medicine if you have:

• diabetes;
  
• liver disease;
  
• a pancreas disorder;
  
• underactive thyroid;
  
• if you drink more than 2 alcoholic beverages per day.
  

FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether Fish Oil will harm an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant while using Fish Oil. It is not known whether omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids pass into breast milk or if this could harm a nursing baby. Do not use Fish Oil without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby. Do not give this medication to anyone under 18 years old.
See also: Pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings (in more detail)
 How should I take Fish Oil?
Use Fish Oil exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.
Swallow the Fish Oil capsule whole. Do not puncture or open the capsule. Fish Oil works best if you take it with food.
To be sure this medication is helping your condition, your blood may need to be tested often. Visit your doctor regularly.
Fish Oil is only part of a complete program of treatment that also includes diet, exercise, and weight control. Follow your diet, medication, and exercise routines very closely.
Store Fish Oil at room temperature away from moisture and heat. Do not freeze.
See also: Dosage Information (in more detail)

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

What should I avoid?

Avoid eating foods that are high in fat or cholesterol. Fish Oil will not be as effective in lowering your triglycerides if you do not follow the diet plan recommended by your doctor.
Avoid drinking alcohol. It can increase triglycerides and may make your condition worse.Fish Oil side effects
Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction to Fish Oil: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Stop using Fish Oil and call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

• fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms;
  
• chest pain; or
  
• uneven heartbeats.
  

Less serious Fish Oil side effects may include:

• back pain;
  
• unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth;
  
• upset stomach, belching; or
  
• mild skin rash.
  

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
See also: Side effects (in more detail)

What other drugs will affect Fish Oil?

Tell your doctor about all other medicines you use, especially:

• estrogens (birth control pills or hormone replacement);
  
• a blood thinner such as warfarin (Coumadin, Jantoven);
  
• a beta-blocker such as atenolol (Tenormin, Tenoretic), carvedilol (Coreg), labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), metoprolol (Dutoprol, Lopressor, Toprol), nadolol (Corgard), propranolol (Inderal, InnoPran), sotalol (Betapace), and others; or
  
• a diuretic (water pill) such as chlorothiazide (Diuril), hydrochlorothiazide (HydroDIURIL, Microzide), chlorthalidone (Hygroton, Thalitone), indapamide (Lozol), metolazone (Mykrox, Zaroxolyn), and others.
  

This list is not complete and other drugs may interact with Fish Oil. Tell your doctor about all medications you use. This includes prescription, over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal products. Do not start a new medication without telling your doctor.

 Optimal nutrition is essential for maintaining healthy fertility, but it is also extremely important for pregnancy. Everything you eat will be making your baby’s body. Studies have shown that omega-3 essential fatty acids, found in cod liver oil, not only support healthy fertility, but proper formation of your baby’s nervous system, brain, eyes and heart. Cod liver oil is an essential tool to help ensure you are getting enough essential fatty acids in your diet.

Cod Liver Oil & Fertility

Omega-3 fats contain two acids that are crucial to good health: DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid). These two acids have been shown to be extremely healthy for the body. Low levels of DHA and EPA have been linked to depression and other mental health issues. DHA is essential for proper brain development, while EPA supports healthy behavior and mood. DHA and EPA combined have greater health benefits than taking a supplement with just one of those essential fatty acids.

Omega-3 acids have been shown to help fertility by:

• Aiding in hormonal regulation
• Increasing and promoting healthy cervical mucous production
• Promoting regular ovulation
• Decreasing inflammatory fertility issues such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, ovarian cysts
• Reducing painful menstruation known as dysmenorrhea
• Improving the quality of the uterus by increasing the blood flow to the reproductive organs
• Supporting proper sperm production

Pregnancy Preparation
It is important to have a plentiful supply of essential fatty acids before becoming pregnant. Continue to eat fish or take fish oil supplements during pregnancy to maintain optimal health. If your diet contains enough omega-3 EFAs now, your baby’s needed supply will easily be met. If your diet is lacking, your baby will need to draw omega-3s from your own internal stores, which can lead to a long-term deficit that can negatively affect you and your baby’s health. Taking cod liver oil daily helps you to get adequate amounts of omega-3s and build your stores for pregnancy.
Sperm Health
DHA, one of the fatty acids contained in cod liver oil, has a significant impact on the viability and health of sperm. When there are not enough fatty acids present, cholesterol replaces the needed fatty acid in the sperm membrane. This prevents sperm from proper maturation.
By increasing the intake of essential fatty acids through the consumption of fish or cod liver oil, the resulting sperm are healthier, have better motility, and the chances of a successful conception increase.

Cod Liver Oil & Pregnancy

During pregnancy, essential fatty acids are important for your baby’s brain, nervous system, eye, and heart development. DHA is necessary in high concentrations for proper brain function, including proper development and cognitive function. Low levels of DHA are linked to premature birth, low birth weight and hyperactivity in children. DHA is an important component for a healthy central nervous system. EPA is necessary for a healthy circulatory system.
A study published in Pediatrics (2003; 111:e39–44) showed that mothers who took cod liver oil everyday in pregnancy and 3 months postpartum while breastfeeding, had more intelligent children than mothers who did not. Other studies are showing that babies born to mothers with high levels of DHA do better with visual acuity and visual learning tests. By optimizing development with an omega-3 supplement rich in DHA and EPA, studies show that your baby will enjoy enhanced attention span and cognitive function after the birth, which will help them learn more effectively as they grow.
Having a sufficient level of DHA and EPA in your system is thought to help prevent miscarriage and premature delivery. Premature birth occurs in as many as 6 –10% of births and increases the risk of physical and learning disabilities. DHA and EPA together in pregnancy has been shown to lengthen gestation time.
Increasing your intake of essential fatty acids can result in an increased sense of well-being and health for yourself during pregnancy. Omega-3s have been shown to be instrumental in preventing complications in pregnancy like preeclampsia, which can endanger the lives of both mother and baby. It may also lower the risk of postpartum depression after your baby is born.
Breastfeeding
Continuing to take cod liver oil while breastfeeding has shown to provide adequate amounts of DHA and EPA to your baby. Taking cod liver oil while breastfeeding ensures your baby is getting adequate amounts of essential fatty acids needed for development. Most formulas are devoid of DHA and EPA. Some contain DHA, but not with EPA. DHA and EPA together have complimentary benefits that cannot be achieved alone. Breastfeeding your baby while also taking cod liver oil aids in continued proper development of your baby.

Cod Liver Oil is a Natural Source of Vitamin A & D3

Cod liver oil is an excellent source of fat soluble vitamins A and D3. Studies have shown that the typical American diet is lacking in these vitamins. Primitive human diets have been found to have 10 times higher vit. A and D than modern diets.
Vitamin A is essential for:

• Proper development of the retina and vision
• Gene transcription
• Immune function
• Reproductive health
• Embryonic development
• Skin and cellular health
• Antioxidant activity

Vitamin D3 is essential for:

• Proper bone formation, through concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood
• Proliferation and differentiation of cells
• Neuromuscular function
• Inflammation response

Getting the Facts Straight About Vitamin A and Birth Defects
Some studies have shown that consuming too much vitamin A may cause birth defects. This only happens with synthetic forms of water-soluble forms of vitamin A, when consumed in very high amounts. High quality cod liver oil contains fat soluble vitamin A, in its natural form. When vitamin A is taken as a whole food source like it is in cod liver oil, it is not toxic to developing babies. When vitamin A is combined with vitamin D, it has been shown that the vitamin D protects the body from vitamin A toxicity. This allows the human body to withstand higher levels of vitamin A. That being said, it is still important to not exceed dosage of cod liver oil and to always follow recommended guidelines on the product label.
Besides a healthy diet which includes fish and organ meats, there is no better way to provide healthy DHA, EPA, as well as naturally occurring vitamin A and D3, than with a high quality cod liver oil supplement.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration does not strictly regulate herbs and supplements. There is no guarantee of strength, purity or safety of products, and effects may vary. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy. Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects.

Allergies

Avoid fish-derived omega-3 supplements if allergic or sensitive to fish, fish oil, or omega-3 fatty acid products derived from fish. Avoid plant-derived omega-3 supplements if allergic or sensitive to nuts, seeds, or plants from which they are derived.
Skin rash and allergic response have been reported.
Some studies suggest that fish exposure during infancy and childhood may help reduce the risk of allergy in childhood.

Side Effects and Warnings

Omega-3 is considered likely safe when taken as a supplement in recommended doses for up to 2-3.5 years, or when included in the diet (1-2 fish meals per week). The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ruled that the use of EPA and DHA, the primary omega-3 fatty acids found in fish, as dietary supplements is safe and lawful, as long as daily intakes do not exceed three grams per person daily from food and supplement sources.
Omega-3 is considered possibly safe when taken by mouth in amounts found in foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding. There is not enough information at this time regarding the safety of fish oils when used in amounts greater than those found in foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Up to 20 grams of fish may be well tolerated by most adults, although some experts warn that high doses may cause bleeding complications.
Omega-3 may increase the risk of bleeding, particularly at doses of three grams daily or greater. Caution is advised in people with bleeding disorders or those taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary.
Omega-3 may affect blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in people with diabetes or hypoglycemia and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Blood glucose levels may need to be monitored by a qualified healthcare professional, including a pharmacist, and medication adjustments may be necessary.
Omega-3 may cause low blood pressure. Caution is advised in people taking drugs or herbs and supplements that lower blood pressure.
Use cautiously in all people, as omega-3 may affect levels of cholesterol and may cause vitamin E deficiency.
Use cautiously in people who are at risk for hormone imbalance or those undergoing hormone replacement therapy.
Use cautiously in people who have abnormal heart rhythms, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, as worsened outcomes have been reported with omega-3 use.
Use cautiously in people with liver disease or those using agents that may be toxic to the liver. Changes in liver function tests have been reported with omega-3 use.
Use cautiously in people who are at risk for colon cancer. Fish oils may increase the risk of colon cancer.
Use cautiously in large amounts, as vitamin A and D toxicity may occur.
Use cautiously in children and in pregnant or breastfeeding women, due to the potential that fish meat may contain mercury.
Avoid fish-derived omega-3 supplements if allergic or sensitive to fish, fish oil, or omega-3 fatty acid products derived from fish. Avoid plant-derived omega-3 supplements if allergic or sensitive to nuts, seeds, or plants from which they are derived.
Omega-3 may also cause abnormal heart rhythm, abnormally high urination, acid reflux, anemia, anorexia, bad breath, bad taste in the mouth, bloating, bloody urine, blurred vision, burping, cancer, changes in energy and physical activity (in infants whose mothers received supplementation), changes in homocysteine levels, the common cold, constipation, diarrhea, dizziness, excess fat in the stool, fainting (in pregnant women at birth), a feeling of ants crawling on the skin, a feeling of burning or prickling, a feeling of lifelessness, fever, fishy hiccups, gas, headache, heart attack, hospitalization (chest pain, congestive heart failure, or nervous system problems), increased risk of stroke, indigestion, intolerance to capsule number or size, mania, memory problems, muscle pain or swelling, nausea, the need for surgery (coronary revascularization), nervous system toxicity, nosebleed, restlessness, sleep problems, sudden cardiac death, skin problems (irritation, itching, rashes), stomach pain, throat pain, tiredness, vomiting, and weight gain.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

High DHA intakes have been reported in healthy pregnant women in Spain, Germany, and Hungary, ranging from 119 to 155 milligrams.
Fertility research suggests that fertile men may have higher levels of omega-3 compared to infertile men.
There are concerns that some species of fish may contain contaminants that may be harmful to pregnant or breastfeeding women. Mercury tends to build up in fish meat more than in fish oil, and fish oil supplements appear to contain almost no mercury. As a result, safety concerns may apply to eating fish, but likely not to taking fish oil supplements.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency recommends that pregnant and breastfeeding women limit sport-caught fish intake to one six-ounce meal per week. For farm-raised, imported, or marine fish, the FDA recommends that pregnant and breastfeeding women avoid eating types with higher mercury levels (such as mackerel, shark, swordfish, or tilefish) and less than 12 ounces per week of other fish types. Women who might become pregnant are advised to eat up to seven ounces per week of fish with higher mercury levels or up to 14 ounces per week of fish types with lower mercury content (such as marlin, orange roughy, red snapper, or fresh tuna). Some experts recommend more than one weekly portion of oily sea fish, or a DHA supplement, for pregnant women.
Omega-3 fatty acid levels of mother and infant may be related. Taking fish oil during pregnancy may promote higher DHA concentration in the newborn. DHA supplementation of the mother may increase DHA in the mother's blood and breast milk.
It is still unclear whether omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy and breastfeeding may benefit infants. Although it has been suggested that omega-3 during pregnancy may increase the birthweight and length of the baby, high doses may not be advisable due to a potential bleeding risk. Some studies report that DHA supplementation of mothers may affect infants' body mass index, fat mass, and weight. DHA may be important in the growth and development of the infant brain and has been studied for potential benefits in preventing respiratory illnesses during the first year of life. However, more research is needed.
Omega-3 has been studied for its potential effects in reducing the risk of preterm birth.
Fish oil supplementation of the mother during breastfeeding may cause decreased physical activity level and increased energy, starch intake, and blood pressure in infant boys.

Fish Oil During Pregnancy: What the Research Shows

The body’s nutritional needs during pregnancy are unlike any other time in life. Although there are many nutrients that are important for maternal health and fetal development, one in particular – omega-3 fatty acids – has recently been spotlighted for its unique benefits. Two types of omega-3s, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), have proven to be the most beneficial overall. They are an essential component in a child’s development and may be advantageous in:
• Brain development
• Eye development (particularly the retinal tissues)
• Promoting a healthy birth weight
• Social development
• Lowering the risk of allergies
• Communication skills development
The benefits of omega-3s do not stop with fetal development. The mother also benefits from:
• Prevention of pre-term labor and delivery
• Lower risks of pre-eclampsia
• Lower risk of post-partum depression

Natural Sources of Omega-3s

The body cannot generate omega-3 fatty acids; they must be derived solely from a mother’s diet. The richest source is oily, coldwater fish. A November 2014 article published in the The American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology discussed the FDA’s updated recommendations for fish consumption in pregnant and breastfeeding women. However women must consume between 8 and 12 ounces per week to reap the benefits.
The problem is many types of fish are too high in mercury for safe consumption during pregnancy. Women are generally limited to two servings of fish per week during pregnancy, and some may be too averse to seafood to eat any fish at all. Data has shown that the majority of pregnant women simply are not getting the omega-3s – particularly EPA and DHA – necessary to support healthy prenatal development.

Supplementing with Fish Oil

More and more pregnant women are turning to fish oils – many of them pharmaceutical grade – to supplement their diets with omega-3 fatty acids. In one study performed by a researcher at the University of Western Australia, 98 pregnant women were given either fish oil or olive oil supplements after their 20th week of gestation. Then, researchers studied the children born to those mothers once they reached 30 months of age. The toddlers of women who took fish oil supplements performed better at hand-eye coordination tests than those of women who consumed the olive oil supplements.
A high-quality, purified fish oil supplement can provide the benefits of EPA and DHA without the risk of toxins that could hurt an unborn child. Fish oil has been shown safe for consumption in pregnancy, but women should investigate the manufacturing process to guarantee consumption of a quality product.
Sources:
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology – Wenstrom, MD, July 26, 2014
The FDA’s New Advice On Fish: It’s Complicated
National Institutes of Health – Dunstan, Archives of Disease in Childhood, December 21, 2006
Cognitive assessment of children…after maternal fish oil supplementation in pregnancy
American Pregnancy Association: Omega-3 Fish Oil and Pregnancy
 Mothers who take fish oil supplements during pregnancy may improve their baby's hand-eye coordination and boost brain development.
A new study shows babies born to women who took fish oil supplements rich in omega-3 fatty acids during the last half of pregnancy had better hand-eye coordination as toddlers than babies born to women who took olive oil supplements containing other types of omega fatty acids.
Researchers say the type of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are essential for normal brain and vision development, but few studies have looked at the safety or potential benefits of supplementing pregnant women’s diets with fish oil.
"These preliminary data indicate that supplementation with a relatively high-dose fish oil during the last 20 weeks of pregnancy is not only safe, but also seems to have potential beneficial effects that need to be explored further," write researcher J. A. Dunstan, of the University of Western Australia, and colleagues in the Archives of Disease in Childhood.

Study on Fish Oil Supplements During Pregnancy

In the study, 98 healthy pregnant women were divided into two groups and given either 4 grams of fish oil supplements or 4 grams of olive oil supplements daily from the 20th week of their pregnancy until delivery.

Once their children were 2 1/2-years-old, the researchers tested the toddlers' language, hand-eye coordination, and other skills.
The results showed children of mothers who took fish oil supplements scored significantly higher on tests of hand-eye coordination than those who took olive oil supplements, even after taking other factors, such as the mother’s age and duration of breastfeeding, into account.
The researchers also found that high levels of omega-3 fatty acids in cord blood samples taken at birth were strongly associated with good hand-eye coordination.
There were no significant differences in overall language skills and growth between the two groups.
The researchers say concerns about mercury content in certain types of fish have made pharmaceutical-grade fish oil supplements increasingly popular among pregnant women.
This study's results suggest taking the supplements during the second half of pregnancy does not have negative effects and may, in fact, have beneficial effects on babies’ neurological development that merit further study.
  Yes and no. There are two types of fish oil supplement. One is safe and one isn't:

• Supplements made from the body of the fish are safe.
• Supplements made from the liver of the fish, such as cod liver oil, may not be safe.

Both types of supplements contain omega-3 fatty acids, which are important in helping your baby's brain and eye development. In the long term, they may also help to protect you against diseases such as heart disease and arthritis.

However, cod liver oil also contains high levels of the retinol form of vitamin A. Large amounts of retinol can harm your baby. Speak to your doctor before taking supplements such as cod liver oil.

If you include some oily fish each week in your meals, you may not need a supplement. Health Canada recommends eating at least two portions of oily fish each week. Oily fish will provide you with plenty of omega-3 fatty acids, as well as other nutrients which you wouldn't get from taking supplements alone.

Fish especially rich in omega-3 fatty acids include:

• Atlantic mackerel
• salmon
• rainbow trout
• herring
• anchovies
• sardines
• capelin
• char
• hake
• pollock (Boston bluefish)
• mullet
• lake whitefish

You should limit the amount of predatory fish you eat to two servings (150 g total) a month (that’s roughly a cup of fish a month). These fish tend to have higher levels of mercury because they absorb mercury from the fish that they eat. Predatory fish include fresh/frozen tuna, shark, swordfish, marlin, orange roughy and escolar.

If you are eating canned tuna, you should choose light—not white—tuna as it has lower levels of mercury. White tuna is made from albacore tuna and does have higher levels of mercury. You should limit the amount of white tuna to two 170-g cans a week.

 The health benefits of fish oil include its ability to aid in the treatment of various heart diseases, high cholesterol, depression, anxiety, ADHD, weakened immune system, cancer, diabetes, inflammation, arthritis, IBD, AIDS, Alzheimer’s disease, eye disorders, macular degeneration and ulcers. It also helps aid weight loss, healthy pregnancy, fertility and skin care (particularly for conditions such as psoriasis and acne).
Most of the health benefits of fish oil can be attributed to the presence of omega 3 essential fatty acids like Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Other useful essential fatty acids in fish oil include Alpha-linolenic acid or ALA and Gamma-linolenic acid or GLA.
While fish oil has plenty of beneficial qualities, there is lot of buzz and hype around its possible applications, and not all of them are accurate, so be wary when reading literature on this useful oil. Fish oil manufacturers have attempted to market it as a remedy for almost anything. Below, we’ll explore the various, proven benefits of fish oil, some of which are based on concrete scientific evidence while others are based on animal studies alone. We suggest that readers educate themselves full before making an informed decision, rather than be affected by both negative and positive propaganda about the beneficial applications of fish oil.
The different types of fish which can be a good source of its oil are mackerel, rainbow trout, lake trout, halibut, herring, sea bass, sardines, swordfish, oysters, albacore tuna, blue fin tuna, yellow fin tuna, turbot, pilchards, anchovies and salmon. The most common ones among these for obtaining oil are albacore tuna, herring, mackerel, sardines, lake trout and salmon. The quality of fish oil greatly depends on the type of fish from which you retrieve the oil.

Health Benefits of Fish Oil

The health benefits of fish oil include the following:
Heart Health: According to the American Heart Association (AHA), clinical trials have shown that omega 3 is effective in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Fish oil is a great source of omega 3 and therefore, reduces the risk of heart diseases and heart arrhythmias. It also lowers the level of bad cholesterol (LDL), and increases the level of good cholesterol (HDL). Fish oil prevents the accumulation of triglycerides and further reduces the level of excess triglycerides. Preliminary research has also shown that fish oil can be used to prevent atherosclerosis in coronary patients. Thus, fish oil is effective in preventing strokes and regular usage of fish oil can help avoid sudden cardiac death. As per the American Heart Association, these preliminary findings still need to be confirmed by further detailed research.

Weight Loss: It has also been popularized as an aid in losing weight. Research conducted by Professor Peter Howe at the University of South Australia has shown that fish oil improves the efficacy of exercise in attempts to reduce weight. Volunteers who were given fish oil in their diet showed greater weight loss as compared to those who did not regularly consume it. Exercise combined with the oil had a positive effect on body shape and composition of the participating patients.
Improved Immunity: It is believed that regular consumption of fish oil aids in boosting your immune system, thereby enabling you to resist the occurence of common diseases like colds, coughs and the flu. Omega-3 fatty acids present in fish oil bolster the immune system by effecting the activity and amount of cytokines and eicosanoids present in our body. Researchers have also studied the effect of fish meal and fish oil on the immune system of pigs and found that fish oil aided in the growth of the animals. Similar research conducted on mice at Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan, also gave positive results.
Basically, fish oil has the potential to enhance the immune system of humans, but again, further research on humans is required. Fish oil is also beneficial to patients suffering from lupus, which is an autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system attacking its own organs and tissues. Studies have also shown fish oil to help in reducing associated fever, skin rashes and fatigue.
AIDS: Research conducted by the Nutritional Sciences Program in Lexington has argued for fish oil as a treatment for AIDS.However, a great deal of research still needs to be conducted on this.

Anti-Inflammatory Properties: Fish oil is effective in reducing inflammation in the blood and tissues. Regular consumption of fish oil supplements, tablets, pills and capsules is helpful to those who suffer from chronic inflammatory diseases. Fish oil is effective in treating gastrointestinal disorders, Celiac disease, short bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn’s Disease and ulcerative colitis, which are both typical disorders of the intestine. Patients suffering from Crohn’s disease often find it difficult to absorb vitamins, fats and essential supplements. Fish oil supplements are an effective diet for such patients.
In terms of ulcerative colitis, fish oil prevents the accumulation of leukotriene on the colon. Research is also being conducted to increase the anti-inflammatory reputation of fish oil, particularly when combined with other dietary supplements and drugs.
Arthritis: Fish oil is useful in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, Raynaud’s symptoms and similar conditions. Using fish oil can help in reducing the need for large dosages of NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The Royal Adelaide Hospital and the University of Newcastle, both of which are located in Australia, have reported that large quantities of fish oil have shown positive effects on the treatment of arthritis. In cases of osteoarthritis, fish oil can be helpful in reducing the impact of enzymes that destroy cartilage.
However, since the dosage of fish oil required for an ideal effect in the improvement of a patient is unknown, the Arthritis Center in the Department of Rheumatology at John Hopkins University considers including omega 3 fatty acids and fish oil in the treatment of arthritis as controversial. The University also cautions that arthritis patients must be wary of all the other side effects that can come from using of fish oil. You can read more about arthritis on the webpage of the Arthritis Foundation and the Arthritis Center.
Depression and Anxiety: Due to the presence of Omega 3 fatty acids, fish oil has been promoted for relieving depression, sadness, anxiety, restlessness, mental fatigue, stress, decreased sexual desire, suicidal tendencies and other nervous disorders. Researchers at the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, in their research publication titled “Fish Oils and Bipolar Disorder: A Promising but Untested Treatment”, state that fish oil can be useful in mood stabilization and the treatment of bipolar disorders. It is unsurprising, therefore, that it has been found that countries where fish is frequently eaten have a low incidence of depression. Similarly, research conducted on prisoners has shown that when prisoners were given sea food containing higher amount of omega-3 fatty acids, there was a significant drop in the homicide rate and the frequency of violence. Intake of fish is also a good remedy for depression. Findings of a research study suggests that fish consumption may be beneficial for women’s mental health and reduce risk of developing depression in women.
Eye Disorders: It is well known that fish oil has the ability to improve vision. It also helps in avoiding age-related macular degeneration. The National Eye Institute at the National Institute of Health in the United States, plans to conduct a nationwide study to evaluate the effect of fish oil in treating macular degeneration. This study will provide strong scientific evidence regarding the benefits of fish oil for eye care, thereby allowing government agencies and physicians to strongly recommend fish oil for macular degeneration.
Alzheimer’s disease: Research conducted at the Louisiana State University has shown that fatty acids are effective in treating Alzheimer’s disease. Since fish oil is one of the best sources of essential fatty acids, including EPA and DHA, it helps in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. More research conducted at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) validates the usefulness of fish oil as a possible remedy for the disease. The Alzheimer’s Association recommends fish containing higher content of omega-3 fatty acids to patients since it acts as a defense against Alzheimer’s disease and dementia.
ADHD or ADD
Fish oil has the ability to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) due to its high concentration of fatty acids. If your child suffers from hyperactivity, dyslexia, dyspraxia, inability to complete tasks, emotional instability, wavering attitude, poor coordination, short attention span, short term memory weakness, low concentration, tendency to interrupt others, recklessness, hastiness, impetuosity, impulsiveness, low IQ, or learning disorders, fish oil is a proven remedy. Research conducted at the University of South Australia and CSIRO has shown that when children suffering from ADHD were given doses of fish oil and evening primrose capsules for 15 weeks, they showed significant improvements in their behavior. Since brain matter consists of about 60% fats, especially essential fatty acids such as omega 3 and omega 6, it helps to improve the functions of the brain.
Furthermore, it is believed that fish oil is useful in the normal development of the brain, along with helping your child concentrate on their studies. It has also been found that when pregnant women are given regular doses of fish oil, their toddlers display enhanced hand eye coordination.
Skin Care: It is great for improving the condition of dry skin by making it shiny and vibrant. It is useful in treating various skin problems such as eczema, psoriasis, itching, skin redness, skin lesions, and rashes. In terms of psoriasis, the EPA present in fish oil restricts the growth of pro-inflammatory agents by producing arachidonic acid. Therefore, fish oil can also be applied topically to get relief from psoriasis.
Regular consumption of fish oil capsules helps in reducing moisture loss from the skin. It is also claimed by some people that the oil helps in preventing sunburn, but the research behind that claim is not verified.
Acne: Fish oil is an effective treatment for acne. EPA is known to inhibit androgen formation, which can affect the formation of sebum in hair follicle, leading to acne.
Cancer: It is useful in reducing weight loss in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer. Its supplements can also be helpful to patients suffering from cancer-related hyperlipidemia.
Diabetes: Type II diabetic patients are prone to cardiovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, and stroke. As mentioned above, it is helpful in treating various heart problems. Research conducted at the University of Oxford has shown fish oil to be useful in reducing triglyceride levels in patients with diabetes as well.
Ulcers: The presence of EPA and DHA in fish oil makes it helpful in case of ulcers caused by Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Pregnancy: Fish oil is very beneficial for pregnant women because the DHA present in it helps in the development of the eyes and brain of the baby. It also helps to avoid premature births, low birth weight, and miscarriages. Research conducted in Denmark, which involved 8,729 pregnant women, concluded that a diet with low amounts of fish resulted in a higher risk of premature or preterm babies.
It is also believed that women who do not have a sufficient intake of EPA and DHA in their diet suffer from depression after birth, as there is a transfer of some amount of brain mass from the mother to the child in the last stages of pregnancy. Moreover, as mentioned earlier, when pregnant women are given fish oil supplements, their children show enhanced hand eye coordination. Thus, it is very beneficial to consume fish oil either by eating fish or taking fish oil supplements, tablets, capsules, or pills during pregnancy for the overall development of the child and the well being of the mother. However, it should be noted that fish oil obtained from the liver of the fish, example – cod liver oil, should not be consumed during pregnancy as cod liver oil is rich in retinol and vitamin A.
Fertility: Preliminary research conducted on boars has shown that when male boars are fed with a diet containing fish oil, the quality of the sperm is enhanced. After ejaculation, the sperm have increased survival against lipid peroxidative attacks in the female genital tract, thereby increasing the chances of conception. On the other hand, similar animal studies have shown inhibition in the synthesis of prostaglandin E and prostaglandin F, which are produced in large quantities by human seminal vesicles. The research, however, found no impact in the count and mobility of sperm.
Hair Care: It helps maintain a good luster of the hair, because omega-3 has growth stimulating properties, since it provides nourishment to the follicles. It aids in increased development of hair and in preventing hair loss. A good supply of protein is also necessary for hair growth, and since most fish varieties are rich in protein, eating fish helps to keep hair healthy.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Fish oil is rich in various nutrients such as omega 3 fatty acids. Recent research suggests that intake of diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids may reduce or delay onset of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. 
Blood Circulation: It is widely accepted that fish oil has the ability to improve blood circulation along with reducing triglyceride and serum cholesterol levels. However, the benefit of improving blood circulation has primarily been studied on rats only.
It is also believed that fish oil helps to prevent asthma and kidney failure. Many people also like to feed fish oil to their pets, especially dogs and cats, as it promotes shiny hair and smooth skin. It can also help dogs and cats deal with arthritis, which is a very common disease among pets.
The National High Blood Pressure Education Program in the United States has cautioned against inaccurate publicity of fish oil as an effective means of lowering high blood pressure in patients suffering from hypertension. According to its report, fish oil supplements lower blood pressure in a very small way in hypertensive patients. Research conducted at the Channing Laboratory in Boston has revealed that moderate doses of fish oil supplements have little effect on the condition of high blood pressure in normotensive persons.

Should we replace vegetable oils with fish oil?

The short answer is no. There are many websites which advise people to stop eating vegetable oils and switch to fish oil in order to increase their intake of omega-3 fatty acids. However, it should be noted that most of these websites take a bias towards fish oil to increase the sales of their own products. Fish oil is a good source of omega-3 essential fatty acids and should be consumed, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that one should completely replace vegetable oils with fish oil.
Here is a brief on Omega-3 fatty acids: There are three types of Omega 3 fatty acids, namely alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). All three are important for the body. Vegetable sources, including flax seed oil, soybean oil, hemp oil, canola oil, walnut oil, rapeseed, perilla, chia and tofu are rich in ALA. The human body has the ability to convert ALA to DHA and EPA, though there are certain limitations to this conversion.

Caution on dosage of fish oil

An excessive dosage of fish oil can have adverse allergies and side effects on the body. Furthermore, fish oil can be problematic if you have certain conditions so it is necessary to consume fish oil supplements cautiously. You should consult a doctor or physician for the exact dosage of fish oil you should take. Moreover, it can be consumed in various forms. These include eating the fish directly by baking, roasting, frying, grilling, broiling, or smoking it. You can also consume it in the form of concentrated dietary supplements like liquid, tablet, capsule, pill, or soft gels. Also, there are various pharmaceutical grades of the oil. It is not necessary to constantly consume pharmaceutical-grade oil or even supplements. You should also consult your doctor to confirm your mode of consuming fish oil and your overall need for it in your diet.

Fish oil purity

One must pay attention to the quality of fish oil when purchasing it. It is obtained from almost all fish – freshwater, farm, ocean, deep sea and shallow sea fish. All these fish can be contaminated with toxic compounds such as mercury, arsenic, lead, forms of calcium, furans, dioxins, PCBs, and methyl mercury, and can negatively affect the human body. Therefore, the fish oil used must be pure. Many companies sell ultra refined or distilled fish oil, but you should always check if the standards have been followed and do your research on a company or a product before adding it to your diet.

Fish oil and Vitamins

Vitamin A and Vitamin D: Fish oil, especially the types obtained from fish livers like cod liver oil is a rich source of vitamin A and vitamin D. However, excessive dosage of cod liver oil can lead to Vitamin toxicity, the accumulation of excessive vitamins in the body, which can cause serious side effects.
Vitamin E: Various beliefs surrounding fish oil and vitamin E include:
Fish oil undergoes oxidation and can become rancid, leading to the formation of free radicals. The addition of antioxidants such as vitamin E to the oil can help prevent the formation of these free radicals.
Excessive dosage of fish oil leads to decreased levels of Vitamin E in the human body. This loss of vitamin E should be supplemented with external vitamin E supplements.
The combination of fish oil and vitamin E can benefit the treatment of many cancers and heart diseases when combined, rather than individually used as a treatment method.
Preliminary research has been carried out which proves the above statements; however, these need to be substantiated with more detailed research before drawing strong conclusions on the use of fish oil and vitamin E in a combined effort.